Fast Facts About Gerald Ford - 38th President

Gerald Ford (1913-2006) served as the thirty-eighth president of the United States. He started his presidency in the midst of controversy after his pardon of Richard M. Nixon following his resignation from the presidency. He only served out the rest of his term and has the distinction of being the only president who was never elected to either the presidency or vice presidency.   Here is a quick list of fast facts for Gerald Ford. For more in-depth information, you can also read the Gerald Ford Biography Birth: July 14, 1913 Death: December 26, 2006 Term of Office: August 9, 1974 - January 20, 1977 Number of Terms Elected: No Terms. Ford was never elected to be president or vice-president but instead took office upon the resignation first of Spiro Agnew and then of Richard Nixon First Lady: Elizabeth Anne Bloomer Gerald Ford Quote: A government big enough to give you everything you want is a government big enough to take from you everything you have.Additional Gerald Ford Quotes Major Events While in Office: Ford grants Nixon an unconditional pardon (1974)Campaign Reform Law (1974)Communist victory in Southeast Asia (1975-76)Helsinki Agreement (1975) Additional Resources and Information This informative  chart of Presidents and Vice Presidents  provides at-a-glance  quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Richard NixonJimmy CarterList of American PresidentsChart of the First Ladies

Using Sip Procedures For Food Deprived Sprague Dawley Rats

Using SIP procedures in moderately-food deprived Sprague-Dawley rats, we found that adolescent males and females provided with scheduled delivery of banana pellets willingly drank notable amounts of 10% ethanol in a palatable solution (Boost ®) in short, 30 minute daily access sessions between the ages of P28 to P41. By collecting blood samples twice during the fourteen days of access, we established that this intake was often sufficient to raise BECs into the binge range ( 80mg/dl). Intake of individual animals was observed to occur in a binge-like pattern over days, typically characterized by a high consumption day followed by 1-2 days of drastically lower intake, cycling repeatedly. Such binge-like patterns were less evident in the†¦show more content†¦1b). This finding is inconsistent with prior literature, showing that SIP can be established with water only (Falk, 1961). Furthermore, in Experiment 2 where scheduled delivery was abolished, with animals receiving mass p resentation of pellets at the onset of the intake session, high consumption levels were nevertheless maintained. It is possible that the lack of schedule dependency per se may have been associated with limitations in the number of test days due to the time constraints of adolescence. Indeed, SIP with an ethanol solution is typically established in adult rats over a period of many weeks in the operant chambers, during which the concentration of ethanol is gradually raised (Falk et al., 1972). In preliminary work, we established the 14 day (P28-41) intake period, noting that consumptions declined notably as animals transitioned out of the early-mid adolescent period, an ontogenetic time course similar to what we have observed in home cage consumption studies (Vetter-O’Hagen et al., 2009). In Experiment 1b, animals given access to Boost ® without ethanol consumed on average more than twice as much fluid (ml/kg) per intake session than their ethanol-drinking counterparts in Experiment 1a. This is likely to be due to the high palatability of chocolate Boost  ® for adolescent rats, which is diminished by the combination of the bitter/sweet taste properties of

International human resource management Free Essays

Introduction Nowadays, most companies have been expanding internationally, many positions have to be filled which range from entry level positions to those of senior management. As more companies go global, the need for the transfer of skills and knowledge becomes essential if the company is to succeed internationally. To ensure that the subsidiary’s goals, practices and strategies are in line with the parent company, it is necessary to have senior management filled by qualified individuals capable of leading the new, inexperienced team and steering it in the right direction. We will write a custom essay sample on International human resource management or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, to ensure that the subsidiary inherits the culture and practices from the parent company, managers from the parent company might be deployed to fill senior management positions at the subsidiary. However, other positions at the subsidiary might be filled by personnel from local countries rather than the parent or host country. Personnel who do not hail from the host country are defined as expatriates. While recruiting the expertise of the expatriates might be advantageous, they bring a unique set of problems which need to be dealt with to ensure their efficiency. Although there are disadvantages associated with employing expatriates, there are measures that companies can adopt to ensure that the impact of these problems would be decreased. Advantages of Expatriates Expertise and Skills Employing the expertise of expatriates can help a company accelerate the development of its subsidiary or return it to profitability. The skills that they already possess will enable the expatriates to pass on their knowledge and skills to their subordinates and train them in the relevant skills and knowledge. When expatriates are selected for foreign assignments, they have to be chosen based on their skill levels and their ability to adapt. Therefore, when they pass their knowledge and skills to the employees at the subsidiary, the company is able to expand successfully. Despite having a successful 20 year run in Japan, a subsidiary company’s business volumes had decreased, causing its profit levels to dip. HTM Corporation concluded that this situation required the use of expatriates with high levels of technical and communication skills to return the business to its profitable level (HTM Corporation, 2009). As seen in this case, the expertise of expatriates is able to help c ompanies, previously profitable without expatriates, return to those levels as they have sufficient skills. Expatriates are able to bring lot of experience to the subsidiary company because the unique experiences may enable them to help the company succeed through innovation and creativity (Radio New Zealand International, 2009). Expatriates are also able to fill vacancies when the host country nationals do not have the relevant skills or expertise (Pacific Bridge Inc, 2009). This is an alternative to providing on-the job training for the locals. Company Culture and Practices Passed Down Easily The parent company culture and relevant practices and procedures can be passed down quickly if training of the local employees is conducted by expatriates from the parent company. The ideals, vision and mission of the parent company can be demonstrated through the expatriate. If the expatriate embodies these principles of the company, the culture and practices of the parent company can be transferred to the subsidiary quickly and effectively. Disadvantages of expatriates High Costs Although Employing expatriates are beneficial to a company, it is an expensive process. Relocating an expatriate with a family which can be time consuming and costly to the company. For instance, hiring an expatriate to work in China can cost as much as five times of hiring a local. This is due to the package that the expatriate is to receive as compensation. This compensation and benefits package usually consists of a hardship allowance, housing, insurance, tax and home leave, amongst other benefits. The compensation and benefits package is usually attractive to expatriates as a form of financial advancement. This makes the move to the subsidiary company and country attractive. To ensure that it is attractive enough to entice the highly skilled and experienced personnel, the compensation and benefits package has to result in a higher standard of living or the promise of career advancement. The company has to support its high costs, while the expatriate benefits from this package. Other than the compensation and benefits that the expatriate receives, the parent company also has to invest time, money and effort into pre-departure training and incur other costs such as sending the potential expatriate on a trip to assess the location. Hence, there will be a loss of man-hours. As a result of the high costs involved, it is substantial that the expatriate is well prepared for the move. This will reduce the likelihood of expatriate failure which will incur more costs. Discontent among Locals Due to highly trained, educated and skilled expatriates joining the new subsidiary, locals might be discontented when they feel that their opportunities are being taken away. Local mid-level managers might feel that they do not have the opportunity to advance in their careers. This would encourage the talent to leave the company in order to get promote. Consequently, staff turnover might rise because of expatriates holding all the senior positions in the company. This discontent among the locals could be damaging to the subsidiary company. If the company acquires a reputation for poor career advancement opportunities, talented locals are unlikely to pursue a career in that company. Therefore, the company should utilise expatriates while it is in its initial phase but train local managers to succeed the expatriate. Adapting to the New Environment Utilising expatriates to fill key positions is a risky task because of moving an expatriate and the family requires time and effort. An expatriate with children and a working spouse might be concerned about whether the spouse and children will be able to integrate into the local environment easily. To ensure ease of integration, the expatriate must be flexible and open-minded. The company also has to prepare the expatriate for the move to the new country. Expatriates, unfamiliar with the local environment and location, require more time to adapt to their new life. As a result of this unfamiliarity, the expatriate is likely to be less efficient and productive for an initial period. With low productivity, the profits of the company might decrease. Therefore, to reduce the impact of low productivity as a result of adjusting to their new life, expatriates should receive well-structured pre-departure training, preparing them on what they are to expect in the subsidiary company and country. Also, expatriates should be hired on the basis of their ability and willingness to adapt to new environments. Alternatively, they should be allowed a period of time to settle into the new country before starting work. Bibliography HTM Corporation, (2009). Expatriates in Tokyo, Japan – Outsourcing by HTM. Retrieved on 11th March 2011 from http://www.htm.co.jp/Astrategicallyusingexpacts.htm Pacific Bridge Inc., (2009). Asia – Compensation, Hiring and Retaining Employees in South East Asia. Retrieved on 11th March 2011 from http://www.pacificbridge.com/publication.asp?id=58 Pacific Bridge Inc., (2002). Asian HR eNewsletter, Retrieved on 11th March 2011 from http://www.pacificbridge.com/newslettervol.asp?vol=2no=7 Radio New Zealand International, (2009). Samoa’s Prime Minister Defends Hiring Expatriates for SamoaTel. Retrieved on 12th March 2011 from http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=readid=46480 Tripod, (n.d.). Use of Expatriates, Retrieved on 12th May 2011 from http://members.tripod.com/cometonada/HRM.htm How to cite International human resource management, Essay examples International Human Resource Management Free Essays IHRM concerns the extent to which the core tasks change when HRM is practiced across national boundaries. On this basis, Morgan (1986) presents a model of IHRM based on the interplay between human resource tasks or activities, the national or country categories involved in HRM and the categories of employees in an international firm: †¢ the tasks of HRM (human resource planning, etc. ) †¢ national/country categories involved in HRM tasks: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Resource Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now the host country where a subsidiary may be located 2. the home country where the firm is headquartered 3. other’ countries that may be the source of labour, finance and other inputs †¢ categories of employees of an international firm: 1. host-country nationals 2. parent-country nationals 3. third-country nationals. In this model, internationalisation adds layers of complexity to the task of HRM within a particular firm. Based on the work of Perlmutter MNCs then face three strategic choices to cope with this complexity: * ethnocentric, * polycentric and * global/geocentric An ethnocentric strategy is where a company uses the same HR practices overseas as it does at home.By contrast, a polycentric strategy involves a company following local HR practice in its overseas operations. A global strategy is where a company attempts to implement common HRM policies for all its overseas operations . Of course, this implies an element of choice for senior managers and the reality is that hybrid strategies will emerge. Torrington et al. (2005: 695) argue that International HRM is also concerned with decentralisation: As an organisation increases its international activities, it inevitably steps up the degree of decentralisation, but internationalisation is not simply a form of decentralisation.It is the most complex form of decentralizing operations and involves types of difference – language, culture, economic and political systems, legislative frameworks, management styles and conventions – that are not found in organisational growth and diversification that stay within national boundaries. How the international HR manager identifies and copes with these ‘types of difference’ will be the subject of this course.A final point about international HRM is that MNCs will also wish to use HRM policies as mechanisms for the central coordination and control of international operations, in addition to shaping the organisational culture. (Myloni 2002: 182). Inevitably, there are a number of models of International HRM that attempt to explain how the strategic objectives of the organisation are balanced with local employee needs and values . In that case, it is perhaps more useful for managers to focus on specific HR policies and practices within the context of international organisations.Armstrong (2001) identifies the following: †¢ Employment policies – possible approaches: †¢ fill all key positions with parent country nationals †¢ appoint home country nationals †¢ appoint the best people regardless of nationality. †¢ Recruitment and Selection – for international assignments, look for: †¢ competency – technical, language skills, motivation etc. †¢ previous overseas experience †¢ evidence that the person shares the values of the culture in which he or she might work – ‘culture adaptability assessments’ †¢ family circumstances – both the person and spouse/partner adaptable to working overseas. Career Planning – requires tailoring to further the international perspective of the organisation. †¢ International Employee Development – the aim is to enable people to become more effective in their present job in an overseas location; account will need to be taken of cultural factors (in terms of how development programmes are delivered), and the extent to which there is central direction of programmes from the organisation, although they may be delivered locally.Human resource management (HRM) refers to the activities an organization carries out to utilize its human resources effectively These activities include: * determining the firm’s human resource strategy * staffing * performance evaluation * management development * compensation * labor relationsHRM can help the firm reduce the costs of value creation and add value by better serving customer needs HRM is more complex in an international business b ecause of differences between countries in labor markets, culture, legal systems, economic systems, and so on HRM must also determine when to use expatriate managers (citizens of one country working abroad), who should be sent on foreign assignments, how they should be compensated, how they should be trained, and how they should be reoriented when they return home Firms need to ensure there is a fit between their human resources practices and strategy In order to carry out a strategy effectively, employees need the right training, an appropriate compensation package, and a good performance appraisal system. How to cite International Human Resource Management, Papers International Human Resource Management Free Essays string(144) " network society has changed the way businesses operate; whereby almost every part of an organisation is controlled by some sort of technology\." INTRODUCTION The essay will be focused on discussing the Network Society as a new type of Social Structure or Organization of the Information Age. I will be using Castell’s theory on The Information Age to explain how the Network Society affects culture, individuals, institutions and various societies around the world.I will also touch on the Power of Identity, what it entails and its connection to various individuals in the global business environment†¦ After this I will talk about cross cultural management, its challenges and how it is implied in the business environment, analyzing the impact the theory of the Information Age has on this type of management and its challenges. We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Resource Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will also discuss the critiques of other theorists to this Castell’s theory and conclude with the negative impact of globalization and the need for cross cultural management in organizations. First and foremost I will touch on a relevant theory of globalization that relates to the Information Age and Cross Cultural Management. THEORY OF GLOBALIZATION There are various theorists, who have given their opinions and views on the theory of globalisation. I am going to phrase a few of them and focus on only one of these theories for the purpose of this essay. â€Å"Anthony Giddens (1990: 64) ‘the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’. â€Å" â€Å"Globalization refers to â€Å"the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole† (R. Robertson, Globalization, 1992: 8).† Robertson sees the globalisation theory as the coming together of the world as a single entity through a set of global ideas and putting aside the distinctiveness of cultural, societal and ethnic differences to be used in the home environments and during academic discussions â€Å"From the social theory perspective, globalization involves the flows of commodities, capital, technology, ideas, forms of culture and people across national boundaries via a global networked society â€Å"(Castell’s, 1996, 1997, 1998). â€Å"The transmutations of technology and capital, work together to create a new globalized and interconnected world. â€Å"(Castell’s, 1998) Manuel Castell is the theorist that I will be focusing on in this essay. He talks about the theory of the network society, which is an information based society where everyone and everything is connected through digital networks. The networks are the people who control or rule the network society; they are the elites of the society who have the upper hand, are more knowledgeable and have power over the excluded individuals. â€Å"A network society is a society whose social structure is made of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies.† (Castell’s, 1996) â€Å"The Net stands for the new organizational formations based on the pervasive use of networked communication media. Network patterns are characteristic for the most advanced economic sectors, highly competitive corporations as well as for communities and social movements. â€Å"(Castell’s, 1996) The Network Society is an emerging social society or structure whose communications rely on digital networks. A digital network being global means that a society running on them would be a global society i.e. The Network Society is a Global Society. The Network Society came about as a result of the ever changing society which occurred due to the dramatic changes in technology which are controlled by the networks. Castell explains that although everyone is affected by this society, it doesn’t mean that everyone is included in it. People who aren’t part of it try to defend themselves from it. He cites the reason for everyone being affected by these networks as the fact that all central activities that manipulate and form human life around the world are being organised by global networks. The Network Society works on an Inclusion/Exclusion basis; this is a feature of it and while it searches for important add-ons that will benefit the network, it will also bypass any activity, territory or person that will not contribute to the goals or tasks assigned to the network. Part of Castell’s assumptions is the fact that under the network society, there is no class among individuals in our society and that the powers now lie in the hands of the networks. With the network society, there becomes a need for individuals to affirm their identity; this is known as the power of identity. People tend to search for their identities in order to give their lives a source of social meaning. This is a reaction got mostly from the individuals who have been excluded from the network society. Castell realised two types of reactions from these people. They either make up their own networks or exclude the networks from their lives. This power of identity is also known as the Self. â€Å"The Self symbolizes the activities through which people try to reaffirm their identities under the conditions of structural change and instability that go along with the organization of core social and economic activities into dynamic networks.† (Castell’s, 1996) CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND CASTELLS THEORY WHAT IS CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT? CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT â€Å"†¦is a system designed to train people in the global business about the variations of cultures, practices and preferences of consumers around the globe. It poses as a challenge for companies who participate in the global market. As time passes by, the diversity in culture, practices and preferences significantly increases, and so is the need for cross-cultural management, to be able to bridge the communication gaps for every culture.â€Å"Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. Cross Cultural Management is the examination or assessment of the human behaviour from an international perspective. With cross cultural management, managers are aware of the different cultures that exist in different industries in different parts of the world. It realises and tries to manage these different human behaviours, culture and communication issues so as to bring people together without any disputes or problems. This information age has brought about the rise of technology and the use of the internet. This network society has changed the way businesses operate; whereby almost every part of an organisation is controlled by some sort of technology. You read "International Human Resource Management" in category "Essay examples" Most jobs are now done through the internet by some e-commerce organisation, which in turn reduces the number of physical labour needed. With the rise of the global society, cross cultural management is becoming more essential for global companies to be successful with their employees as well as their consumers. It is needed to tackle the challenges that any global business might face in relation to culture and human behaviour. In order to tackle some of challenges brought about by these changes in regard to culture and human behaviour cross cultural management is essential. Some Cross Cultural Challenges that could occur are:- Mixed cultures and languages brought about by globalisation The recent growth and need of the internet as a part of management and easy processing The increasing need for a knowledge worker in knowledge driven organisations The increasing need for flexible workers and jobs There are many more challenges but the network society being a global society has helped to deal with some of these problems. Due to the compression of time and space, companies find it easier to employ the people that will be relevant for the required jobs. Also with the individualisation of labour and the growing flexibility of workers, they are able to adapt and adjust to the growing temporality of jobs. Companies now have the option to choose either part time workers and pay them for the hours worked rather than employing full time workers who are expensive and are not required most of the time. Castell talks about the network society sourcing valuable add-ons that can contribute to the goals and objectives of the network to integrate into its system and excluding those it has no need for who he says make up the ‘irrelevant planet’, this feature of the network society has contribute to some modern business challenges where there is the need for knowledgeable workers. He says that the work process is a globally integrated but labour has become individualised and therefore has no class again as ultimate power goes to those that are in charge of the networks and determine what happens in it. But his theory also says that labour is divided into two; the self programmable and generic labour. The former is skilled and flexible with the ability to learn new things, processes, tasks are able to adapt to change and are knowledgeable while the latter is unskilled and can be easily exchanged or disposed of. There are many critiques towards Castell’s theoretical assumptions. Many theorists believe that our society is still divided into classes and are against the faceless capitalism which Castell talked about. Theorists like Webster and Garnham believe that the network society is not a new type of social structure or system, and that it has been in existence over time. They argue that this network society is a gradual development of the former industrial society and is not completely a new one. They also argue that the society is still in the hands of the capitalists, as they are still the elites who have access to technology and education, and the members of this capitalist group are heading companies in the top managerial positions. The people in this positions are who Castell says are in charge of the networks so therefore the capitalists still matter in the society. It is also difficult to accept his grouping of labour, as the people in the groups do not share the same values or interests. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS However globalisation can sometimes lead to the exploitation of workers in some third world countries that offer cheap labour. Many of these workers are paid less than the normal UK or US standard of payment, making the big international companies exploit them, and some of them do not offer job security or workers rights. With this network society business do not consider the interests of their workers and are more interested in the opportunities and goals of the networks and look for people that they can integrate that will contribute to their goals. They pay less attention to cross cultural management. This is not advisable to do because in order to be successful as a global company, they need to understand the cultures and practices of the countries they move into. They need to work on integrating the local workers, consumers and culture with their own organisational culture in order to be successful in that country LIST OF REFERENCES Castells, M. (2000).The Rise of the Network Society, Second Edition. U.S.: Blackwell Publishing Castells, M. (1996, second edition, 2000). The Rise of the Network Society, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. I. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Castells, M. (1997, second edition, 2004). The Power of Identity, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. II. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Castells, M. (1998, second edition, 2000). End of Millennium, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. III. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Webster, F. (2002). Theories of the Information Society. U.S.: Routledge Garnham, N. (2001). Contribution to a Political Economy of Mass-Communication. In M.G. Durnham D.M. Kellner (Eds.), Media and Cultural Studies (pp. 225-252). U.S.: Blackwell Publishing. Manuel Castells , ‘An Introduction to the Information age’ City 2: 7, 6-16 Castells, M. (2000). Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society. British Journal of Sociology Vol. No. 51 Issue No. 1 (January /March 2000) pp. 5–24 Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge and Oxford: Polity and Blackwell. Kiely, Ray, 1964–The clash of globalisations: neo-liberalism, the third way, and anti-globalisation/by Ray Kiely. p. cm. -(Historical materialism book series, ISSN 1570–1522; v. 8) R. Robertson, Globalization (London: Sage, 1992) The network society: a cross-cultural perspective / edited by Manuel Castells. p. cm. Castells, M. 1983. The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://cross-cultural-management.bestmanagementarticles.com/ How to cite International Human Resource Management, Essay examples

Hypothesis Testing free essay sample

Introduction The data for the first test to be conducted by our group consists of the prices of residential properties in various locations. The locations are Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. The values of the samples are all represented in Canadian Dollars. The data taken are based on the residential property prices on January 8th 2012. Our group will execute a test to determine if there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. Furthermore, if the tests conclude that there is a difference in mean prices, our group will indicate where the prices are higher or lower. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group has chosen to conduct a one way Analysis of Variance F test (one-way ANOVA F-test). A one-way ANOVA F-test is appropriate in this example since it is a hypothesis technique that is used to compare means from three or more populations. Since the data set reflects the mean prices of residential properties in Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal, a one way ANOVA F-test is sufficient. By having at least three samples in the data, our group has eliminated the idea of testing the claim by using different tests, such as a â€Å"two sample T-test†, a â€Å"paired sample T-test† or a â€Å"two sample Z test. † In order for a one way Analysis of Variance F test to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) Each sample must be selected from a normal, or approximately normal, population. (2) The samples must be independent and randomly selected. (3) Each population must have the same variance. Looking at the conditions stated above, all the samples provided by the Toronto Real Estate Board reflect data from that are randomly selected, which are independent of each other. That is, there is no correlation between the sample groups. Our group has constructed three box plots to test the normality of the sample values, one for each location. Similar to a t test, the F test is fairly non-sensitive to slight departure from normality. Since the box plots do not indicate extreme differences from a normal distribution, we can assume that the samples are selected from a normal population. The third condition states that the variances of the sample groups are equal. Therefore, our group will conduct a Levene’s Test for Homogeneity of Variance using SPSS program to test whether the data set satisfies the third assumption. Results from Levene Test Null Hypothesis:? 12 = ? 22 = ? 32 Alternative Hypothesis:? 12, ? 22, ? 32are not all equal *Ho for this instance is the claim, since Ho is a statement of equality ?12 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in Toronto, ? 22 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in San Francisco and ? 32 represents the variance for the population of residential properties in Montreal. (? =0. 05) Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – Oneway DataSet 1\residential sales. sav) found on the first table – Test of Homogeneity of Variances is 0. 549. Since P-value ? ; fail to reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that all the variances of the samples provided are equal is false. All the conditions are therefore satisfied, and our group can proceed with the one way analysis of variance F test. Since all the conditions for a one way analysis of variance are satisfied, then the sampling distribution can now be approximated by the F distribution. Our group can now execute a one way Analysis of Variance F test by using a Post-Hoc Comparison Procedure to test the claim that â€Å"there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal. † Null Hypothesis: µ1 =  µ2 =  µ3 Alternative Hypothesis:At least one mean is different. *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µ1 represents the mean residential property price in Toronto.  µ2 represents the mean residential property price in San Francisco, while  µ3 represents the mean residential property price in Montreal. The null hypothesis suggests that there is no difference between the means of the three samples, while the claim in the alternative hypothesis suggests that at least one mean is different. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – One Way DataSet 1\residential sales. sav) found on the second table – ANOVA is 0. 140. Since P-Value ? ; fail to reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that there is a significant difference in the mean residential property prices for Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal is true. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Part B – Difference in Lot Sizes for Residential Properties in Toronto and Vancouver Introduction The data for the second test to be conducted by our group consists of lot sizes of the residential properties that are up for sale in Toronto and Vancouver. The samples are represented in m2 (metres squared; area of the land in which the residential properties are built on). The data taken are based on the properties that are up for sale as of January 8th 2012. Our group will execute a test to determine if there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for the residential properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver, as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group has chosen to conduct a two sample T-test. A two sample T-test is appropriate in this case because of the attempt in determining the difference between two population means when the population standard deviations are unknown. Furthermore, the data given reflects independent samples. That is, the sample selected from the population in Toronto is not related to the sample from the population in Vancouver. In order for a two sample T-test for difference of means with small independent samples to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) The samples must be randomly selected. (2) The samples must be independent. (3) Each population must have a normal distribution with an unknown standard deviation. Since there is no correlation between the sample groups (Toronto and Vancouver lot sizes), a paired T-test cannot be conducted for this data set. Also, since there are exactly only two means that are being compared in the given case, and not means between three or more populations, a one-way analysis of variances test (one way ANOVA) cannot be used. Looking at the conditions stated above, the samples provided by the Toronto Real Estate Board are randomly selected and independent. By checking the normality in each of the populations, our group constructed two separate box plots for Toronto and Vancouver respectively. There is no significant evidence to conclude that both the populations are not normally distributed since the box plots resemble a normal distribution. Having the conditions satisfied, our group can proceed to execute a two sample T-test for difference of means with small independent samples in testing the claim that â€Å"there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for the residential properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver,† as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. Null Hypothesis: µ1 =  µ2 Alternative Hypothesis: µ1 ?  µ2 *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µ1 represents the mean lot size for the first population, Toronto.  µ2 represents the mean lot size for properties for sale in Vancouver. The alternative hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between the lot sizes for the properties for sale in Toronto and Vancouver. Consequently, the null hypothesis represents a statement of equality, that the lot sizes of the properties in Toronto and Vancouver are equal. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 In order to distinguish whether the variances are equal or not equal, which is significant in attempting a two sample T test for difference of means for small independent samples, our group will use the SPSS output from the Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances. Results from Levene Test Null Hypothesis:? 12 = ? 22 Alternative Hypothesis:? 12 ? ?22 *Ho for this instance is the claim, since Ho is a statement of equality ?12 represents the variance for the population of lot sizes of properties for sale in Toronto while ? 22 represents the variance for the population of lot sizes of properties in San Francisco. (? =0. 05) For the purpose of this test, the claim states that the variances of the two populations are equal, as represented by Ho Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\LotSizes. sav) found on the second table table – Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances is 0. 000. Since P-value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that the variances of the two populations are equal is false. For the purpose of the two sample T test, all results will be based on the assumption that variances are not equal. Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\LotSizes. sav) found on the third table – t-test for Equality of Means (Equal Variances not assumed) is 0. 0455. (calculated as 0. 091/2, since it is a two-tailed test) Since P-Value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the claim that there is a significant difference in the lot sizes for residential properties in Toronto and Vancouver is true. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Part C – Difference in Incomes: New York homebuyers vs Toronto homebuyers Introduction The data for the third test to be conducted by our group consists of family incomes in Toronto and New York. The samples are paired by the value of the homes purchased. (For example, the first pair in the data set shows the income of the household in Toronto and New York, whether the home cost $500 000, $200 000 or $750 000, etc. It is of great significance to point out that for each pair, the homes purchased in Toronto are of the same value as the homes purchased in New York. ) The data only reflects the incomes of the homebuyers in which, the values are represented in Canadian Dollars. Our group will execute a test for the purpose of distinguishing whether the incomes of families who had purchased homes in New York was significantly higher than the incomes of families from Toronto who had purchased homes of the same value. Hypothesis Testing For this data set, our group have chosen to conduct a paired T-test. A t-test is a statistical test that compares the means of two groups of observations. For this instance, the data are classified into the groups: family income in Toronto, and family income in New York. In order for a paired T-test to be conducted, the following conditions must be met: (1) Samples must be randomly selected. (2) Samples must be dependent. (3) Both populations must be normally distributed. Unlike the two sample T-test for small independent samples conducted in the second data set: ‘Part B’, our group have used the paired T-test to account for the correlation between the groups; that the family incomes displayed in the data set are used under the assumption that the same value of the homes purchased are used to gather the sample in Toronto and New York. A one way ANOVA F-test cannot be used for this data set since only two means are being evaluated. A different method of valuation would be used if one of the conditions listed above are not met. For example, if the data set reflects values that are independent of each other, similar to the case in ‘Part B’, then a paired T-test cannot be used. However, in this case, the conditions stated above are met. The samples are randomly selected and as stated before, dependent variables. Assuming that the family incomes are normally distributed, a paired T-test can be used. To check for the assumption of normality in each of the two populations, our group has created a box plot for each of the sample groups. For both of the samples, there appears to be only a slight offset from normality. Therefore, the assumption that these populations are normally distributed can be assumed. Having all three conditions satisfied, our group believes that a paired T-test is the best method of valuation to distinguish, as required by the Toronto Real Estate Board whether the claim that â€Å"the incomes of families who purchased houses in New York are significantly higher than the incomes of families who purchased houses of similar value in Toronto. † Null Hypothesis: µd ? 0 Alternative Hypothesis: µd 0 *Ha for this instance is the claim, since Ha is a statement of inequality Parameters  µd represents the mean difference. The mean difference is calculated by subtracting the total  µ of the incomes of homebuyers in Toronto (off the sample) from the total  µ of the incomes of homebuyers in New York (off the sample). In the claim as stated in the alternative hypothesis, the mean difference between the data on New York and Toronto (respectively) is greater than zero. Consequently, the null hypothesis represents the mean difference between the data on New York and Toronto (respectively) is less than or equal to zero. Since no level of significance was given, we assume that: ? = 0. 05 Conclusion Using the data from SPSS output, the P-value (represented by â€Å"Sig. † – T-Test DataSet 0\incomes. sav) found on the fifth table – Paired Samples Test is 0. 00002. (calculated as 0. 00004/2) Since P-Value ? ; reject Ho Therefore, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the incomes of families who purchased houses in New York are significantly higher than the incomes of families who purchased houses of similar value in Toronto. *Full SPSS Output can be found in the appendix section of the report. Appendix – A Data Sets Part A – Residential Property Prices, on January 8th 2012 (in Canadian Dollars) Toronto San Francisco Montreal 720001 597114 260976 250025 350000 1141734 531968 693303 150024 391546 350140 157679 253440 397924 150000 251929 684874 1021251 1181788 350000 1123663 1040350 372008 158139 259516 432300 150000 250000 1194071 237032 1299055 350073 153574 279536 920792 150160 250001 935680 150044 257339 1394330 994698 253829 350000 150000 256582 350053 167171 250002 350748 968300 509638 755749 536302 375351 1083741 170861 268679 350056 1192483 250661 365259 303747 250000 399823 497641 1281119 350045 151925 721976 786536 150000 250002 409025 150359 255660 358312 150004 665974 352342 979221 1236283 1225525 150003 250003 790511 299575 609906 350000 159163 Part B – Lot Sizes of Properties for Sale, on January 8th 2012 (in m2) Toronto Vancouver 114 117 262 129 329 120 104 118 285 128 101 159 194 212 112 222 187 114 98 129 100 116 251 197 99 123 333 116 235 137 148 115 211 175 299 118 107 117 106 127 108 104 130 102 147 Part C – Family Income Paired by Purchase Price (in Canadian Dollars) Pair Toronto New York 1 72068 124174 2 70336 68999 3 106144 113291 4 66032 38411 5 68221 75876 6 68241 106390 7 72555 83540 8 107401 131762 9 107633 121399 10 65647 60630 11 73041 100185 12 101180 158397 13 69264 77775 14 120293 127590 15 81531 99192 16 165996 179133 17 105039 123537 18 67512 80347 19 97143 129711 20 71947 92019 21 77992 77580 22 90858 107446 23 142215 203356 24 101219 128540 25 92541 122134 Appendix B – SPSS Data Output The following are printed from the SPSS program. The following tables show results from various tests conducted in an attempt to determine the validity of three separate claims, as commissioned by the Toronto Real Estate Board. The tables are arranged in accordance with the order in which the tests were conducted in, with the order being the following: (1) One way ANOVA test, containing a Test of Homogeneity of Variances and Post Hoc Comparison Method – Part A (Residential Property Price – Multiple Comparisons; Toronto, San Francisco and Montreal) (2) T-test for Equality of Means for Independent Samples, containing Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances – Part B (Lot Sizes of Properties for Sale in Toronto and Vancouver) (3) T-test for Paired Samples – Part C (Family Incomes paired by Purchase Price in Toronto and New York) *All SPSS Outputs are located in the pages following.

Health Care Rationing free essay sample

Looks at the definition, pros cons, effects, ethics and economics of this issue.

Nisei Daughter essays

Nisei Daughter essays Nisei Daughter, by Monica Sone, recalls the authors childhood as a Japanese girl, growing up in Seattle, during World War II. The book takes a look on how the Japanese culture was treated in this time. At a young age Monica realizes she is not like most little girls in America. Japanese were put in interment camps in 1942. But this isnt the first time Monica notices a difference. She was small and in grammar school when the first signs began to appear. She knew she looked different, but she also sounded different at home. At home her family spoke in Japanese. Monica was known to her parents as Kazuko Monica Itoi. And after Kazuko was finished with her day at grammar school, she and the rest of the Japanese boys and girls went to Japanese school to learn the native language and etiquette. During a point in Kazukos childhood, her father is set up by two corrupt police men accusing for father of selling illegal sake. During dinner a police man interrupted the family and told Mr. Itoi that he was the one that was selling liquor to a bum on the street. The police had been tipped by the bum that a Japanese man, who owned a hotel sold him the alcohol. Kazukos father did own a hotel and owned a hotel, but so did several other Japanese men on that street. Kazukos father insisted, Mine? Its not I dont drink,(35). The officer interrogated both Kazukos father and mother while rummaging haphazardly through the Itois kitchen looking for the rest of the sake. Mrs. Itoi knew there was something was strange and called out to the men, Dont think were such fools,(37). Kazukos father was trying to prove that he was innocent and instead of the officer listening, he arrested Mr. Itoi and took him down to jail. This incident showed Kazuko that her family was not ...

It must be related to worikng and education Research Proposal

It must be related to worikng and education - Research Proposal Example Additionally, part-time jobs offer a practical learning experience to the students. This experience ensures that they are well prepared for their jobs. It is very beneficial especially if the students get part-time jobs that are related to their class work. They will develop useful professional networks that will assist them on later years (Lillydahl 310-315). For the students who find jobs that are not related to their career paths, they benefit by gain skillful tactics that will enable them in responding to challenges on their later days.On the other hand, some people fell that the students could drop out of school after they have earned money. Additionally, they also argue that the students will be too exhausted after working to go to school. This will lead to missed classes and poor performance in the examinations (Tilly b 35) This research paper will conduct a survey to show the actual percentage of people on each side of the motion. The researcher will issue questionnaires to parents and students to fill up. An interview will also be conducted. The data collected will be analyzed and graphically presented for a clear understanding of the problem. The researcher will have some recommendations at the end of the research. The drive of steering this research is to try to develop recommendations for the students who wants part-time jobs. The research will be relevant for the society and Company to know whether when they offer jobs to students they cause problems to them or not. The study will also assist students in making their decisions when looking for jobs. This will assist them in knowing the pros and cons of part-time jobs. The research will try to answer three questions which will support in realizing the objective of the study. One of the question will be â€Å"Should students have part-time jobs?† This questioned will be answered by both parents and students. The respondents who will be answering the questionnaire and interviews will be

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research - Essay Example However, it is a fact that irrespective of all the benefits it promises, the option of incarceration also has multiple demerits and disadvantages. Legal incarcerations come at the cost of a very heavy burden over the taxpayers, and in a financial context, happens to be an utterly dearer option (Geraghty, 2004). Besides, when it comes to criminal rehabilitation, it has been found that the criminals get hardened in the prisons and it is only a few criminals that give up crime after their jail term (Geraghty, 2004). So far, in a pragmatic context, it would be safe to say that incarceration has done little towards facilitating a solution for restraining crime in the society. Besides, retaining law and order within the prisons is also a big problem in itself. The overcrowding of the prisons has made it utterly difficult for the prison authorities to securely manage and run prisons (Geraghty, 2004). In the last few decades it has dawned on the law and order authorities in varied states tha t it is possible to safeguard the society without confining the criminals to incarceration (Kruttschnitt, 2006). Besides, it has been found that extending prison sentences to non-violent criminals is not rights and proves to be counterproductive. Therefore for a need is being felt to come out with alternatives to incarceration. Any punishment that intends to punish an offender, without confining one to prison could serve as an alternative to incarceration. Day Reporting Centers Day Reporting centers are an alternative for the prisoners who are not very aggressive and mostly found culpable in petty or non-violent crimes. Day Reporting centers tend to be centers that are non-residential in their scope, and where the prisoners are required to receive supervision and services. Offenders tend to check in, in the Day Reporting Centers on a daily basis, where the plan the days’ activities in consultation with their supervisors, and participate in and adhere to a prescribed treatment schedule. Day Reporting Centers tend to check, guide and rehabilitate the criminals by actively engaging them in varied activities like curfews, community service, employment, enrollment in schools, random drug tests, etc (McBride & VanderWall, 1997). Day Reporting Centers not only happen to be more cost effective as compared to incarceration programs, but also tend to help a lot in relieving the over burdened traditional prison system (McBride & VanderWall, 1997). Day Reporting Centers have their limitations in the sense that they are more suitable for the aged, non-violent and educated prisoners. Day Reporting Centers serve as an alternative to incarceration in both the pretrial and post trial stages. The Day Reporting Centers allow for a very high level of surveillance of the offenders while extending to them the necessary treatment and rehabilitation opportunities (McBride & Vander Wall, 1997). Day Reporting Centers work on the principle of intermediate punishment. Intermediate punishment is any form of punishment that does not involve incarceration, but involves court ordered restrictions. Hence the Day Reporting Centers in a way constitute the middle link between incarceration and a parole. The offenders who participate in the Day Reporting Center programs are allowed to move amidst the society, but with the requisite guidelines and restrictions. Day Reporting Ce

The Four Forces of Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Four Forces of Evolution - Essay Example It usually contains upper and lower cases, symbols and numbers. But it is not as strong as Passphrases. Passphrases are short sentences or sequence of words. Pass phrases are stronger and easy to remember. Though Cryptic passwords are strong, it is very difficult to remember it. If we write the password down somewhere there would be chances of losing it. So Passphrases are better than Cryptic passwords. Since passphrases contain 20-30 characters it can easily avoid attackers and it would also reduces the chances of having that in a dictionary. Another important way to keep our personal matters is by having multiple passwords. It is better to use different passwords for different accounts. One of the best methods to keep multiple passwords is to create passwords which have some kind of a relation. And you should make sure that the relation should be something that is not easily predictable. Most of us face difficulty in creating a strong password. We tend to commit certain errors while creating a password. There are some common errors that we make when creating a personal password. Usage of personal information as password, use of the any variant of the word ‘Password’, use of short passwords which are very easy to remember, use of most common passwords, use of nicknames and birthdays as password are some of the common errors made by people while creating a password. Creating a strong password is not very easy. We should make sure that we never commit the above mentioned errors. The more complex is your password the better it would be. Try to include symbols and numbers in your password to make it complicated. Changing password in a periodic interval would also help you to keep your personal information secure. Here is a procedure to create a strong password. First of all you write a sentence which is of more than 8 characters. Then you remove the space between the words. Once you remove the space you can intentionally misspell a word in order to make

History Of Aviation Terrorism History Essay

History Of Aviation Terrorism History Essay The act of terrorism is not a new concept. The use of this type of asymmetrical warfare has been used since the beginning of recorded time. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. Just as terrorism itself is not a new concept, using aviation as a tool of terrorism is not new either. The use of aviation as this tool began in 1931, when Peruvian Revolutionaries tried to force a pilot to fly where he was ordered. This event happened 17 years after the first commercial flight. There have been hundreds of these types of acts since and to this day aviation is being used as a tool of terror. Searching through the annals of the history of aviation terrorism history there were three major events where terrorist groups tried to pursue their poli tical, religious, and ideological goals against the citizens of the United States. On June 14, 1985, two well dressed Shiite Muslims boarded TWA flight 847 in Athens, Greece, en route to Leonardo Da Vinci Airport in Rome. Unbeknownst to security and the aircraft crew the two passengers smuggled two hand grenades and a 9-mm handgun onto the aircraft. Flight 847 hand 153 passengers and crew on board, out of which, 120 were American. Approximately 20 minutes after takeoff, the two terrorists rose from the rear of the aircraft and ran down the aisle screaming their demands. At the top of the list, was diverting the aircraft to Beirut, Lebanon. With a gun in the face of the pilot he complied and the plane was diverted. They then moved all of the male passengers to the window seats where they were threatened and beaten upon. Passengers were forced to keep their heads between their knees and ordered not to look at the terrorists. After the terrorists had taken control of the situation they ordered ex-German national to collect passports and identification from all of the passengers. While sorting through the passengers identification one of the terrorists noticed two US Navy military identification cards. After being denied landing in Beirut, twice, the terrorists saw the Navy personnel as a way to convince the ground tower to change their minds. The terrorists brought one of the military members into the first class section of the aircraft and began beating him with an armrest taken from one of the seats. Given the situation onboard flight 847 ground authorities finally gave the pilot permission to land. While on the ground the terrorists negotiated an exchange of passengers for fuel. A total of 17 women and two children were allowed to leave the aircraft in the exchange. To avoid the build-up of US military forces the aircraft was flown back and forth from Beirut to Algiers. In exchange for each landing the terrorists would allow hostages to be released from the aircraft. During the second stop in Beirut, the terrorist wanted to show how serious they were. They opened the door of the aircraft, put a gun to the head of Robert Stetham, the US Navy diver pulled the trigger, and pushed his lifeless body onto the tarmac. Later that night the terrorists demanded that the airport lights to be turned off. During this time, several more terrorists boarded the aircraft. They took all of the people with Jewish sounding names and drove them to a different location where they were held hostage. Finally, on June 30, 1985 day 17 of the hostage crisis, the remaining hostages were released. In exchange for the release of the release of the hostages, the terrorists demanded the immediate withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon, the release of Lebanese Shiites from Israeli prisons, and the condemnation of the actions of the US and Israeli forces in the Middle East. The Jewish passengers that were taken off the aircraft and held by Islamic Jihad were rescued by Delta Forces. After several threats, the hijackers freed the remaining hostages, blew up the aircraft and fled into the Shiite neighborhoods (AVSTOP, 2010). TWA flight 847 is a textbook example of the use of aviation as a terrorist tool. This type of asymmetrical warfare pitted this small group against larger entities such as the United States and Israel. A TWA aircraft was picked because it was successful American air carrier. For 17 days this group had media outlets from all over the world at their fingertips. Politically the terrorists achieved their goals. Israel released Lebanese prisoners. They later stated that the release of the prisoners was unrelated to the terrorist activities. PAN AM FLIGHT 103 OVER LOCKERBIE SCOTLAND Four days before Christmas in 1988, 258 passengers boarded Pan Am Flight 103 in London, England headed for New York City. After only 38 minutes of flight time the aircraft exploded over the skies of Lockerbie, Scotland. When the aircraft exploded it left a debris field of over 2,000 square kilometers and killed 11 people on the ground. Initially investigators thought the crash was due to structural failure. Three days after the crash on Christmas Eve, while looking at pieces of the wreckage noticed that the seat rails had signs of explosive residue on them. Now the investigation could turn from accidental causes to a terrorist plot. The Lockerbie investigation was the largest murder inquiry in British history, involving local police, Scotland Yard, the FBI and a host of other agencies from around the world (National Geographic, 2008, para. 8). Shortly after finding the seat rails they found the suitcase which housed the explosive device. This was a huge turn in the investigation. This type of Samsonite luggage was only sold in the Middle East. In the suit case were a few articles of clothing that were only sold in a small retail store in Malta Spain. The Federal Bureau of Investigators interviewed the shop owner and found out that it was a Libyan man who had bought the clothing. With these clues and a few other tip s investigators were able to pinpoint Abdel Baset Ali Mohamed al-Megrahi and Al-Amin Khalifa Fhimah as being the terrorist who checked a bag on Pan Am Flight 103 and walked away. In the year 2000, the trial of Abdel Baset Ali Mohamed al-Megrahi and Al-Amin Khalifa Fhimah took place in the Netherlands. In total there were 230 witnesses and 85 days of evidence covering 10,000 pages of transcript (National Geographic, 2008, para 12). In January 2001 a decision was reached under Scottish Law: Abdel baset ali Mohmed al-Megrahi was jailed for life in January 2001, while his alleged accomplice, Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah, was found not guilty (National Geographic, 2008, para 12). At the time of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, this was the most significant aviation terrorist attack committed against the United States. Out of the 259 people onboard the aircraft 179 were American. This attack showed that Americans were vulnerable anytime and anywhere. Abdel baset ali Mohmed al-Megrahi used this form of asymmetrical warfare to bring down Pan Am, a huge symbol of the American capitalist society. SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 To date the events of September 11, 2001 were the deadliest attacks ever committed by a foreign enemy on American soil. 19 Al Qaeda terrorists accomplished more death and destruction than the Japanese Navy during their attacks on Pearl Harbor. More than 2,600 people died at the World Trade Center; 125 died at the Pentagon; 256 died on the four planes (9/11 Commission Report, 2004, p.1). This coordinated attack by 19 terrorists targeted major landmarks on American soil. Their objective was not only to kill innocent people it was also put in place to hinder the economy, impair the federal government and strike fear with the American public. On that day two planes brought down the World Trade Centers, one crashed into the Pentagon, and one attack was foiled before the aircraft could reach the Capital building. WORLD TRADE CENTER When the World Trade Center was completed in 1971, they were the two tallest buildings in the world, both standing 110 stories high above the New York skyline. Nearly a quarter of a million people passed through the doors of the two buildings every day. These buildings were a symbol of the great American economy and that is why they were chosen by the Al Qaeda terrorist group FLIGHTS 11 and 175 On the morning of September 11, 2001 Mohamed Atta, a US trained pilot, and four other accomplices boarded American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston to Los Angeles. Fifteen minutes into the flight the five men overpowered the crew and breached the flight deck of the aircraft. The trained pilot, Mohamed Atta, took controls of the aircraft and turned off the transponder so it would be difficult for air traffic controllers to spot the aircraft. He also directed the passengers that the aircraft was returning the aircraft to the airport and to stay calm. He then redirected the aircraft south and headed for New York City. During this time Betty Ong, an American Airlines flight attendant, called American Airlines headquarters to tell them the flight had been hijacked. At 8:46 am Atta, deliberately flew the American Airlines 767 aircraft into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The aircraft traveling at over 450 miles per hour and carrying more than 10,000 gallons of fuel penetrated the building between the 93rd and 99th floors trapping everyone above those levels. This was only the first level of the this collaborated attack on the United States United Airlines Flight 175 had many of the same characteristics as American Airlines Flight 11. They both departed Boston headed for Los Angeles. Both flights had five Al Qaeda associated terrorists aboard. Most of all, they had the same destructive plans. They wanted to bring Jihad to the Americans. At 9:03 am nearly twenty minutes after the first tower was struck tower two of the World Trade Center was struck between the 77th and the 85th floor. The Boeing 767 was traveling at over 500 miles per hour and carrying over 10,000 pounds of fuel. Most of the people above the 77th floor were trapped. Tower two was the first of the two to collapse. It fell 56 minutes after the initial impact of flight 175. PENTAGON AND AMERICAN AIRLINES FLIGHT 77 The Pentagon is a one of a kind building that symbolizes the strength of the United States Military. Situated in Arlington Virginia, this building houses the department heads of all of each military department. Al Qaeda terrorists damaged one of the worlds most secure buildings through the use of asymmetrical warfare. On this day Al Qaeda proved to the world that they could brutally wound the worlds strongest military. American Airlines flight 77 from Washington D.C. to Los Angeles was taken over in the same manner as the previous two that crashed into the World Trade Center buildings. Just as the other two, five men boarded the flight and overpowered the crew with box knifes and small pocket knives. One trained pilot entered the flight deck turned off the transponder and redirected the aircraft to their intended target. At 9:37 am the American Airlines 757 loaded to fuel capacity slammed into the west side of the Pentagon building, killing 125 on the ground and 59 people on the aircraft, excluding the terrorists. UNITED AIRLINES FLIGHT 93 United Flight 93 took off from New Jersey headed for San Francisco. The crew members or the thirty-two passengers on board had not heard that any commercial aircraft had been hijacked earlier in the morning. The flight was taken over just as the other three about 40 minutes after takeoff. As the terrorists redirected the plane the passengers made phone calls from cell and passenger phones. The passengers found out that three other times the same type of hijacking had happened and concluded that the hijackers of their plane had similar intentions. Some of the passengers decided that they would not allow this to happen. They waited until the aircraft was over a rural area and stormed the flight deck and overpowered the terrorists. Shortly afterwards, the airliner crashed into an empty field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania killing all on board. The passengers of United Flight 93 sacrificed their lives but saved the lives of many through their heroic actions. CONCLUSION The hijacking of TWA Flight 847, the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, and the events of September 11, 2001 are three great examples of terrorist groups using aviation as a tool of terrorism. These terror groups fully accomplished their political, religious, and ideological goals through this type of asymmetrical warfare. Not only were their goals accomplished the lives of the United States citizen has forever changed. Until the past couple of decades we as citizens have been shielded from acts of terrorism. Now with the use of aviation as tool of terrorism, the American public can be touched at anytime and anyplace in the world. The United States is forced to become more proactive instead of reactive to the threat of terror. The government can no longer sit back and implement rules after an event of terrorism takes place.

Internet Music Sharing and the RIAA Essay -- Internet Online Communica

Internet Music Sharing and the RIAA In today’s high-tech computer savvy world, one of the largest controversies brewing on the internet is the downloading and sharing of music using various peer-to-peer programs such as Kazaa, Limewire, Audio Galaxy, and many others. These programs use software that, â€Å"rather than going through a server to request information, can make requests directly to other software. This attribute is what allows users of P2P networks to freely exchange music, movies and other types of files (Friedenberg).† To the everyday user, downloading all of their music from the internet is great. Who wouldn’t want to be able to get the newest Radiohead CD months before it comes out in stores and for free? However, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) doesn’t find sharing music over the internet to be quite as appealing; in fact, according to the RIAA’s official website, they have begun launching their first of what could potentially be thousand’s of civil lawsuits against users of these peer-to-peer programs. (Recording Industry Begins Suing P2P File Sharers Who Illegally Offer Copyrighted Music Online). On Monday, September 10th, the RIAA sued 261 people, one of whom was a 12-year-old girl, Brianna LaHara of New York. This lawsuit was settled for $2,000 on Tuesday, by her mother (Music Piracy Suits Could Bring Backlash ) and was actually paid by P2P United, which is a group who represents major file-sharing websites on the internet (Mello). Mo st likely to appear to the people that are on the edge between the goods and evils of file sharing as the good guy, for helping out a 12-year-old who many believe shouldn’t have been prosicuted. Many people were upset by this particu... ... September 2003. . Mello, John P. â€Å"RIAA Settles First Lawsuit Against 12-Year-Old Brianna LaHara.† Tech News World. 11 September 2003. Tech News World. 23 September 2003. . â€Å"Music Piracy Suits Could Bring Backlash.† CNN.com. 10 September 2003. CNN. 21 September 2003. < http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/09/10/backlash.music.ap/index.html>. Recording Industry Association of America – About Us. Recording Industry Association of America. 21 September 2003. . â€Å"Recording Industry Begins Suing P2P File Sharers Who Illegally Offer Copyrighted Music Online.† 8 September 2003. Recording Industry Association of America. 21 September 2003 .

What is the Purpose of the Daily News?

What is the purpose of the daily news? Many will answer and say that the news is there to inform the public, but is that really their purpose. Most of the news that is shown on television is shown in less than two to three-minute segments; a person cannot become informed on certain topics in that little amount of time. The three-minute segments of news that are displayed on television only give the viewer a watered down version of information from a biased point of view. When a person watches the news one can see that many of images shown are negative towards a certain subject. The viewer may not see it but the shocking or exciting images being displayed constantly on the daily news must have some greater purpose than to inform the viewer. The greater purpose is to provoke public interest and excitement; this provocation of public interest and excitement through the use of exciting or shocking images, stories, and language is called news sensationalism. Many people think they are being informed by the news but what they do not realize is that it is not always enlightening, as it should be, but it is instead very captivating. Through the use of sensationalism the news that is displayed on television everyday impacts and influences a person by showing them negative images, using â€Å"buzz† words, providing one-sided information, and by restricting boundaries of information. What types of images are displayed daily on the news? Tune into the news and the first image that are shown are images on something negative like murder, war, violence, and death. News stations display these types of negative images in order to acquire your attention. Negative images on the news grab people's attention because they rarely happen in a person's life. People are attracted to negative images of violence and death because they find them fascinating. These negative images are fascinating because many people have not experienced them first hand; there exists less violence and death now than in any other time in human history. Humans are creatures who have evolved over time from a civilization of violence and death to one that has become more sophisticated and educated. Therefore, when images of violence and death are displayed on television they show people a part of the human past that was more violent. This shows that humans have some type wickedness inside them because if they did not humans would not sit in front of their television watching news on people's death. Now when horrible events occur in this world people can see it on the news, therefore, one can say that human beings have become desensitized to negative images because they are being shown constantly in a continual loop. Consequently, the negative images of violence and death may be showed on the news in order to remind humans of their violent past and to show that these events do occur in real life. In addition, the negative images help people manage with their current situations by showing them that their lives are not so bad and could be much worse. The continual loop of negative images reflects that society likes the negative because it reminds humans of their fascination for violence and helps people cope with their current situations. The news media use â€Å"buzz† words constantly in their news and headlines to capture a viewer's attention in order to instill fear and make profit. â€Å"Buzz† words, according to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, are type of words or phrases that usually sound important or technical and are used primarily to impress people without knowledge in a particular subject (â€Å"buzzword†). First off when a news station tries to grab the viewers attention they usually use the headline â€Å"We just got breaking news,† this phrase immediately captures a person's attention because one does not know what to expect. After that phrase is said some type of â€Å"buzz† word usually follows it immediately because people will not know about the subject since it is breaking news. For example, when 9/11 occurred it was breaking news and president Bush followed right after the attack with a small speech. In that speech president Bush used the â€Å"buzz† words terrorism, bombing, and extremism because they sounded technical to the situation. President Bush's words captured the people's attention and impressed them so much that they were instilled with fear and eventually lead to the war in Iraq. Moreover, by obtaining people's attention through the use of â€Å"buzz† words news stations draw more views, which in turn allows them to get higher ratings and make profit. News stations make profit by selling airtime to commercials, so a news station with a lot of viewers will make a great quantity of money. Therefore, â€Å"buzz† words are used more now than ever before because using them allows news stations to instill fear and gather more viewers which amounts to more profit. When people watch the news they tend to trust the information they are getting because many people are lazy to go searching for information on their own, as a result the news seems real and authentic but in reality the news merely provides biased information. The news provides one-sided information because it is in the news stations best interest to do so; being biased allows news stations to attract specific types of viewers. By attracting a specific type of viewer it allows news stations to push a distinct viewpoint. For example, Fox news is a conservative media outlet that attracts conservatives, while MSNBC is liberal media outlet that attracts liberals. They each have their different point of view but they cater to people who have the same view as them. Therefore, when people watch the news on one of these networks they shall only be informed on one side of the argument. This also shows something about the viewers; it shows that the viewers only watch specific news networks in order to reinforce their side of the argument. Every human has their own one-sided view when it comes to specific subjects, so in order to prove that their view is right to individuals they have to reinforce their biased view in some way and that way is through the news (Eveland). For example, when a person thinks of a Muslim they usually think of a person who is a terrorist and from the Middle East. Their belief on what a Muslim person is was reinforced by the news coverage on 9/11. This gave many people biased views on what type of people are terrorists; the news coverage gave Americans the false perception that all Muslim people must be terrorists that hail from the Middle East. Therefore, most of the biased views that come from the news can be attributed to the viewer's self-centered ideology that they have to be right because the news intention is only to give viewers what they want to hear. In essence, the daily news that is shown is always biased because different media outlets want to attract and give specific viewers what they want. News stations have created restricted boundaries so that people don't searching for information outside of them. One must first ask what are those restricted boundaries? These restricted boundaries are the information that is not shown to the public. National governments hold many secrets and if they were to be exposed by the news to the citizens many of them would feel betrayed. If people could not trust their government they would most likely rebel so in order to keep their trust the government works behind the scenes controlling what is shown on the news. Many governments do this by regulating the media through the use of money by either fining the news companies or allowing them to be tax exempt. Therefore the news can be used to keep people under control and manipulate them. For example, the media coverage on the 9/11 terrorist attacks was used to manipulate American citizens to go to war with Iraq even though Iraq had nothing do with it. President Bush's administration manipulated â€Å"evidence† on the news so that he could get Americans citizens to agree with him to invade Iraq (Hutchinson). Everyone in America at that time was so focused on revenge that no one dared question the information that was provided on the news. At that time it was a restricted boundary to question whether the war in Iraq was just; everyone just assumed it was justifiable after what had happened. It was not until many years later that Americans went outside the restricted boundary to uncover the truth about why they had invaded Iraq. The news was and continues to be manipulated so that people never search for information outside of restricted boundaries because what they might find may not be what they were shown. The news original intention was to inform the public and provide accurate information. It has changed drastically through the use of news sensationalism. Negative images are now shown so constantly in a continual loop that humans have become attracted to them, which in turn, has helped people cope with their current living situations. â€Å"Buzz† words have also gone on the rise because they have enticed more viewers, which have helped news stations instill fear into people and make more profit. Information on the news has now become biased in order to cater to certain types of people because viewers now only want to reinforce that they are right and justified in their opinions. Restricted boundaries have also been created by the news so that viewers do not go searching for information outside of them because many people may find out that they have been manipulated in some way by the news that was presented to them. To sum it up, the daily news that is presented now is not what it used to be; it is now a tool used by media outlets to distort the truth.

The eNotes Blog Gang Glast Aglay Shakespeare, Starlings, and a Good Idea GoneBad

Gang Glast Aglay Shakespeare, Starlings, and a Good Idea GoneBad â€Å"Nay, I’ll have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but ‘Mortimer.’† ~ Hotspur, Henry IV, Part I What do you get when you combine the good intentions of a well-meaning Shakespeare lover who also loved birds? Well, THIS. In 1890, a New Yorker named Eugene Schieffelin released eighty starlings into New Yorks Central Park. He wanted to introduce every species mentioned in the works of Shakespeare to America. Not a great idea. Those eighty have become two hundred million and they are considered an invasive species. Starlings take up many of the resources that native birds rely upon, such as nesting space and food. Here are lines from several plays in which Shakespeare mentions birds. Her tongue will not obey her heart, nor can Her heart inform her tongue,the swans down-feather, That stands upon the swell at full of tide, And neither way inclines. Antony and Cleopatra 3.2.56-60 Go thither; and, with unattainted eye, Compare her face with some that I shall show, And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. Romeo and Juliet 1.2.88-90 He loves us not; He wants the natural touch; for the poor wren, The most diminutive of birds, will fight, Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. Macbeth 4.2.8-11 Cock-crow at ChristmasSome say that ever ‘gainst that season comes Wherein our Saviour’s birth is celebrated, The bird of dawning singeth all night long And then, they say, no spirit can walk abroad The nights are wholesome then no planets strike, No fairy tales, nor witch hath power to charm, So hallow’d and so gracious is the time. Hamlet 1.1.157-164

Definition and Examples of Explication

Definition and Examples of Explication Explication is a term in research and literary criticism for the close analysis of a text or of an excerpt from a longer text. Also known as  exegesis. The term is derived from explication de texte (explanation of text), the practice in French literary studies of closely examining the language of a text to determine meaning. Explication de texte entered English-language criticism with the help of the New Critics, who emphasized a text-only approach as the only valid method of analysis. Thanks to the New Criticism, explication has become established in English as a critical term referring to the nuanced and thorough close reading of textual ambiguities, complexities, and interrelationships (Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms, 2003). See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: The Advantages of Slow Reading and Slow WritingAnalysisClose Reading and Deep ReadingCritical Analysis and Critical EssayRevision and Editing Checklist for a Critical EssayRhetorical Analysis EtymologyFrom the Latin, unfold, explain Examples and Observations [An explication  is an] attempt to reveal the meaning by calling attention to implications, such as the connotations of words and the tone conveyed by the brevity or length of a sentence. Unlike a paraphrase, which is a rewording or rephrasing in order to set forth the gist of the meaning, an explication is a commentary that makes explicit what is implicit. If we paraphrased the beginning of the Gettysburg Address, we might turn Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth into Eighty-seven years ago our ancestors established, or some such statement. In an explication, however, we would mention that four score evokes the language of the Bible, and that the biblical echo helps to establish the solemnity and holiness of the occasion. In an explication, we would also mention that fathers initiates a chain of images of birth, continued in conceived in liberty, any nation so conceived, and a new birth.(Marcia Stubbs and Sylvan Barnet, The Little, Brown Reader, 8th ed. Addiso n-Wesley, 2000) Ian Watts Explication of the First Paragraph of The AmbassadorsAn unusually brilliant example of the analysis of a single paragraph of prose is provided by Ian Watts The First Paragraph of The Ambassadors: An Explication, Essays in Criticism, 10 (July 1960), 250-74. Starting out with objectively observable idiosyncrasies of Henry Jamess syntax and diction, Watt relates these features to their function in the paragraph, to their effects on the reader, to the character traits of Strether and the narrator, and ultimately to the cast of Jamess own mind. He attempts then to persuade us that the stylistic features of this one paragraph are not only characteristic of Jamess later prose but also indicative of Jamess complex vision of life and his conception of the novel as an art form.(Edward P.J. Corbett, Approaches to the Study of Style. Teaching Composition: Twelve Bibliographical Essays, rev. ed., edited by Gary Tate. Texas Christian University Press, 1987)Explication as a Writing Assign mentYou may be assigned a paper asking you to analyze a book or portion of a book . . .. We call this method textual analysis because the text itself, what the author wrote, provides your data. Your paper is about the text itself, not about the texts subject matter. . . . Your paper is called an analysis because you take the authors work apart to examine the different components and then put them back together. This activity is called explication: a textual analysis explicates, or explains, what the authors main points are and how they are connected, and offers a critique of the authors argument. An analogy would be taking a car engine apart, explaining each part and how the parts work together and evaluating whether the car is a good buy or a lemon.Mastering the skill of explication will help you write better papers when a textual analysis is assigned. But, perhaps as important, this skill will help you evaluate more clearly all the books and articles you encounter in your academic career.(The Sociology Writing Group, ​A Guide to Writing Sociology Papers, 5th ed. Worth Publishers, 2001) Explication de Texte[Explication de texte is a] step-by-step way of explaining the details of a literary text, practiced in the French school system. Explication de texte differs from the close reading advocated by New Criticism because it restrains itself from acts of interpretation, focusing instead on providing the information that will enable a basic understanding of the work under discussion.(David Mikics, A New Handbook of Literary Terms. Yale University Press, 2007) Pronunciation: ek-sple-KAY-shun (English); ek-sple-ka-syon (French)

Platos philosophical approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Platos philosophical approach - Essay Example In short, philosophy to me then was that a philosopher can be a good lawyer because he or she is so good in presenting valid and relevant data to support his or her thesis statement. Also, I have always wondered why there are so many religions in this world. I could not understand why each religious sect does not want to be called a sect but some prefer to be called a non denominational church. But they have different teachings pertaining to God and the world. I was also curious as to why some people prefer to be ATHEISTS. These are people who do not believe or worship God. Well, this is what drove me to study Philosophy. After taking up philosophy class, I now know the answers to my questions about life. I have learned that philosophy is the love and hunt for wisdom through understanding, intelligence, prudence and also moral discipline of oneself. Also, I discovered that philosophy is the research, survey and analysis and interpretation data pertaining to the nature, reasons, or doctrine of reality, knowledge or values. The study of philosophy is grounded on reasoning. This reasoning is also grounded on logic. The research in philosophy is not so much based on empirical methods. Furthermore, I have also learned that philosophy is the system of thinking that is grounded on inquiry. ... Furthermore, I have also learned that philosophy is the system of thinking that is grounded on inquiry. Fork the philosophy of inquiry was first propagated by Hume himself. I have also gotten used to looking at life as a person critically analyzing the basic suppositions and convictions. Also, my mind has been deluged with the various disciplines found in the university curriculums of science and the liberal arts. And, I am also learned that the disciplines of philosophy is compose of many sections. Some of these sections are logic, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, and epistemology. For example, I learned that if the first statement goes all birds fly and the second statement goes hawks are birds then the conclusion or third statement would be hawks can fly. Furthermore, I learned that philosophy is a set of ideas or principles that are concentrated on a specific field or activity, an underlying theory or an original philosophy of promotion or publicity. Finally, I have learned from my philosophy subject that philosophy is a system of values of a community where persons live. Finally, my first introduction to philosophy was that I was taught that the meaning of philosophy is LOVE OF WISDOM or philosophia) at least two quotations from your readings that were most important to you.This shows that my outlook in life before taking up philosophy classes has completely changed for the better. READINGS INCLUDE:In the Apology retrieved from http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.htmlMy life has been completely improved with Plato's famous statement in defence of charges falsely hurled against him stating "O Athenians, that I have nothing to do with these studies. Very many of those here present are witnesses to the truth

The Personal Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Personal Food - Essay Example My favourite pizza should be hot and soft with a combination of different flavours. I am very impulsive when it comes to buying pizza and I am unable to control to restrain myself even if I have eaten at home (Turim). This is because the moments that I ate pizza during my childhood days defined special relationships that have persisted until the modern day. This paper will discuss my special relationship with pizza, highlighting its symbolic meaning in my life. As highlighted above, pizza is not just any other food to me. The first time I ate pizza was during a family outing when my mother ordered a large pizza for the entire family. During a time when pizza was only a delicacy to the upper class, it was a special moment for me to share a piece of pizza with my family. Notably, we were still a struggling middle class family then, and the financial turmoil did not make pizza an everyday meal. Therefore, as a child, I had the ecstasy of eating my first pizza. It was an exciting feeling to share that large pizza with my entire family as a symbol of unity (Aronovich 48). In the years that followed, during my elementary school days, I was invited to many birthday parties where pizza was served. This led to a symbolic relationship of pizza with long lasting friendships that I formed during my childhood days. During the celebration mood of birthdays, I bonded with my childhood friends. Until today, we still share a pizza when we meet in memory of the good old days. This is one reason why I have developed a unique attachment to the pizza (Aronovich 49). During my high school days, teachers adopted a rewarding system in an effort to motivate students who performed well. The top three students in every class had a rare opportunity of sharing a pizza during the lunch hours. I remember working hard each term so that I could emerge in the top three categories in anticipation for the

Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Management Systems Thesis

Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Management Systems - Thesis Example This research will begin with the presentation of theories in the field of security and identity. Secure authentication protocol for the multi-server environment using dynamic ID. This theory relies on the nonce-based (a value or counter) mechanism rather than timestamp. The authentication key of the user is based on two factors such that the theft of one cannot be used to recreate the other, thereby improving the level of security. The theft of the past session key cannot serve to provide access to any individual twice since the key is nonce-based and unique every time. User anonymity is protected with the dynamicity of the variables of the login session. The user Ui sends the following login message to the desired server Sj: (CIDi, Pij, Qi, Ni) where CIDi is the dynamic and ID of Ui, Pij and Qij are nonce-based variables and Ni is the nonce value. The above-mentioned variables are computed by hash functions in accordance with the uniquely generated nounce. This technique not only p rovides a unique session but also hides the identity of the user.   Its attributes: Two-factor authentication; Single registration for multi-server access; User anonymity; Avoidance of time-synchronization problem. These authors have not implemented their approach in the physical environments; however, the attributes of their theory seem effective enough to facilitate a secure service in multi-server environments.... Several laws and security measures are deployed to protect the identity of individuals in the physical world but minimal efforts have been witnessed for the provision of such laws in online spaces. Control of personal information Clear mapping between physical and virtual identity Conceal information This theory is relevant since it provides an individual certain rights to control the exposure of his personal information. This enhances the level of privacy and security of the data. The authors explain the implementation of the concept of e-ID federation which provides access across multiple platforms [21]. e-ID federation implements a security token service (STS) that is based on the Windows Identity Framework. The authentication mechanism is based on security certificates, login forms, Windows Authentication and OpenID credentials [22]. A common platform is established by the STS that can be accessed by different sources to authenticate the individuals. The interoperability takes pl ace on an intermediate layer that serves as an abstraction of the authentication mechanism. The federated authentication mechanism of STS can be seen in Appendix A.2 Security certificates OpenID credentials WS Federation Specification The STS authentication mechanism has been explained in a comprehensive manner with the aid of a diagram. Windows Identity framework can serve as the basis of the authentication mechanism for the chosen research study. Perspectives Theory name Definition of the theory The reason for selecting this theory Its attributes If the theory and attributes can be applied in virtual or physical environments Acceptability and

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism Essay The controversy over genetically modified (GM) food, also known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), is viewed in diverse manners worldwide. Some individuals believe that GM food is more beneficial to society than not, while others bear strong beliefs that they may cause negative and harmful effects in the future. There are several reasons that could lead a person to believe that GM foods have a variety of advantages. However, there are various factors that could lead a person to believe otherwise as well. In the article entitled, â€Å"Counterpoint: Genetically Modified Foods Should be Carefully Regulated,† Sally Driscoll and David Morley discuss their opinions regarding GM food. Genetically modified foods are produced and sold nationwide. However, the United States government does not require GM food to be labeled as such. Therefore, when Americans purchase food, they are predominantly unaware of what they are buying and consuming. Everyone has their own opinion regarding this matter and whether or not the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) should regulate and identify GM food from the rest. Many argue that consumers should have the right to decide whether or not to purchase GM food as well. In order to do so, GM food would have to be regulated and labeled accordingly before placed on store shelves and sold to consumers (Driscoll Morley, 2011, p. 1). In the article entitled, â€Å"Genetically Modified Foods: An Overview,† written by Alex Rich and Tom Warhol, 92 percent of Americans feel GM ingredients in food products should be labeled. However, members of the FDA argue that GM food is indeed very similar to non- GM food and bears no potential risk. In other words, they feel labels are an unnecessary part of GM marketing (Rich Warhol, 2011, p. 2). Europe eventually made it illegal to sell GM food without labeling it. When labeling became mandatory, the sales of genetically modified food dropped drastically. Many Americans believe if this were to become mandated in the United States as well, many consumers (when afforded the opportunity to have a choice between the two) would chose food that does not contain GM ingredients. Since there is no way to differentiate between GM food and unaltered food, consumers that wish to steer clear of GM food purchase organic food (Driscoll Morley, 2011, p. 3). Research showed that several Americans do not have a side in the issue regarding GM foods. Studies showed the majority was actually â€Å"unaware of, an unconcerned about† GM cropping and marketing (Rich Warhol, 2011, p. 3). Critics of genetically modified food view this situation differently. They believe the primary reason Americans are so laid back with this issue is due to the fact that they are uninformed as to which products they purchase have been genetically modified (Rich Warhol, 2011, p. 4). In other words, how can Americans have an opinion on a topic they know nothing about and have never been educated on? Food is an essential and significant part of everyday life. For thousands of years, humans have been consuming the same types of food. However, genetics have become more advanced throughout the years, allowing scientists to alter plants and animals. Traditionally, animals are the subject of scientific research â€Å"but it is now humans who are being treated as guinea pigs, every time they are subjected to GM meats and other products. † In 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) deemed it safe for humans to consume cloned animals, while the USDA recommended that GM foods stay off the market indefinitely. However, there is no scientific evidence to prove that GM food will bear any negative long-term effects (Driscoll Morley, 2011, p. 2). Environmentally, some farmers believe herbicide and insecticide-engineered plants are not as beneficial to the environment as they are made out to be. This method discontinues weeds and/or insects temperamentally because it allows them to become immune to crops. However, because they build up a resistance to crops, additional pesticide spraying is needed regardless (Driscoll Morley, 2011, p. 4). Cross pollination is an area of major concern as well. For crops being grown outdoors, cross pollination can occur from the wind or insects. Because cross pollination is an event in which farmers have little or no control over, those who attempt to grow organic food should reconsider their techniques and produce their crops strictly indoors (Driscoll Morley, 2011, p. 3). This is the only true way to prevent these unwanted mishaps. In the essay entitled, â€Å"A Cure for World Hunger or ‘Frankenfood,’† Justin Petersen discusses the benefits and negative aspects of GM food. His argument solely depends upon the situation given at hand. If GM food can prevent malnourishment in some countries, why not produce mass amounts of GM food? However, why are Americans not demanding stricter regulations and research studies so they may decide for themselves whether or not they want to put these types of food into their bodies? These are some of the questions he attempts to answer and he also tries to inform his readers of both the negative and positive outlooks on GM food (Veit Gould, 2011, p. 519). For nearly twenty years, scientists have argued that GM crops can assist in the prevention and elimination of citizens starving in countries where the majority of the population is in poverty. Because GM food can withstand pests, diseases, and droughts, costs can be reduced and larger yields of crops can be harvested. This is one way to alleviate the amount of malnourished people residing in less fortunate countries. According to Petersen, in the year 2000, â€Å"more than 800 million people throughout the world were starving or malnourished, while five million children died each year as a direct result. † Although it is not guaranteed to end world hunger completely and indefinitely, GM technology is continuing to grow and advance (Veit Gould, 2011, p. 510). If utilized properly in underdeveloped countries for people in great need, GM food would terminate a significant amount of starving and suffering families throughout the world. The FDA does not test food for safety before it is placed on store shelves. Instead, they allow the companies themselves to test their own products. Many companies, however, voluntarily test their products before placing them on the market. There are allergens that are introduced into some genetically modified foods in certain companies but since they are not tested by the FDA, they cannot be placed on the labels. Therefore, buyers of the products are uninformed of the ingredients in their food, making those with allergies more susceptible to allergic reactions. As Petersen said, â€Å"That just underscores why it’s so important that the government require companies to test genetically engineered foods for new allergens (Veit Gould, 2011, p. 515). † Several people must consume certain specific GM products in order for a company to be absolutely certain of which proteins will and will not result in an allergic reaction. A recommendation made for the FDA is to â€Å"require companies to test every newly introduced protein to see if it resembles known food allergens (Veit Gould, 2011, p. 516). † Whether or not society is for or against GM food, it will always be an issue of growing concern. As advances in technology progress and people become more open minded about the situation, laws will either be created to provide certain regulations or people will just have to accept the fact that GM food is not labeled. If it is that much of a concern to an individual, organic food is always an option. While fortunate countries may be primarily concerned with government regulations, it would overall, as in Petersen’s essay, be a very beneficial idea for the less fortunate countries since they literally have people starving to death. Petersen’s essay best depicted the overall views of both sides. Several factors made it possible to decipher for oneself what is adequate. References Driscoll, S. , Morley, D. C. (2011). Counterpoint: Genetically Modified Foods Should be Carefully Regulated, 1-4. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Database. Rich, A. K. , Warhol, T. (2011). Genetically Modified Foods: An Overview, 1-4. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Database. Veit, R. , Gould, C. (2010). Argument: Reading, Writing, and Research. Writing, Reading, Research. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.